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Mangrove whipray
The mangrove whipray or whitetail stingray (''Himantura granulata'') is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae. It is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea to northern Australia and Micronesia. A benthic inhabitant of shallow inshore waters, juvenile mangrove whiprays favor mangrove and estuarine habitats, while adults favor sandy to rocky areas in lagoons and coral reefs. This species can be identified by its thick, oval pectoral fin disc that is dark gray above with numerous white flecks, and by its relatively short, whip-like tail that is white past the stinging spine. It grows up to across.
Solitary in nature, the mangrove whipray preys mainly on small, bottom-dwelling bony fishes and invertebrates. It is, like other stingrays, aplacental viviparous, with the females nourishing their unborn young via histotroph ("uterine milk"). The mangrove whipray is caught for its meat, skin, and cartilage across much of its range. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as Near Threatened globally and as Endangered in Southeast Asia, where its population has declined substantially due to intensive artisanal and commercial fisheries as well as widespread habitat degradation. In particular, juvenile rays have been disproportionately targeted by fishers and affected by the large-scale destruction of mangrove forests.
==Taxonomy==
Australian zoologist William John Macleay published the first scientific account of the mangrove whipray, a brief description of an immature female long caught off Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, in an 1883 volume of ''Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales''. He named it ''Trygon granulata'', as he noted that the specimen's head and back were "covered with small granules".〔 In 1928, Gilbert Percy Whitley moved this species to the genus ''Himantura''.〔 It belongs to the ''uarnacoides'' species complex, along with ''H. chaophraya'', ''H. hortlei'', ''H. lobistoma'', ''H. pastinacoides'', and ''H. uarnacoides''.〔 Other common names for this ray include mangrove ray, whitetail whipray, and Macleay's coachwhip ray.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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